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@TECHREPORT{Bayer2009,
  author = {Ralph-C Bayer and Elke Renner and Rupert Sausgruber},
  title = {Confusion and Reinforcement Learning in Experimental Public Goods
	Games},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0922},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0922.pdf}},
  abstract = {We use a limited information environment to mimic the state of confusion
	in an experimental, repeated public goods game. The results show
	that reinforcement learning leads to dynamics similar to those observed
	in standard public goods games. However, closer inspection shows
	that individual decay of contributions in standard public goods games
	cannot be fully explained by reinforcement learning. According to
	our estimates, learning only accounts for 41 percent of the decay
	in contributions in standard public goods games. The contribution
	dynamics of subjects, who are identified as conditional cooperators,
	differ strongly from the learning dynamics, while a learning model
	estimated from the limited information treatment tracks behavior
	for subjects, who cannot be classified as conditional cooperators,
	reasonably well.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0922.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.10.22}
}

@TECHREPORT{Brunner2009,
  author = {Beatrice Brunner and Andreas Kuhn},
  title = {To Shape the Future: How Labor Market Entry Conditions Affect Individuals’s
	Long-Run Wage Profiles},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0929},
  month = {November},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0929.pdf}},
  abstract = {We study the long-run effects of initial labor market conditions on
	wages for a large sample of male individuals entering the Austrian
	labor market between 1978 and 2000. We find a robust negative effect
	of unfavorable entry conditions on starting wages. This initial effect
	turns out to be quite persistent and even though wages do catch up
	later on, large effects on lifetime earnings result. We also show
	that initial labor market conditions have smaller and less persistent
	effects for blue-collar workers than for white-collar workers. We
	further show that some of the long-run adjustment takes place through
	changes in job-mobility and employment patterns as well as in job
	tenure. Finally, we find that adjustments at the aggregate level
	are key to explain wages' adjustment process in the longer run.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0929.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.12.09}
}

@TECHREPORT{Brunner2010/2,
  author = {Johann K. Brunner and Paul Eckerstorfer and Susanne Pech},
  title = {Optimal Taxes on Wealth and Consumption in the Presence of Tax Evasion},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1003},
  month = {March},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1003.pdf}},
  abstract = {This article incorporates tax evasion into an optimum taxation framework
	with individuals
	
	diering in earning abilities and initial wealth. We nd that despite
	the possibility
	
	of its evasion a tax on initial wealth should supplement the optimal
	nonlinear income
	
	tax, given a positive correlation between initial wealth and earning
	abilities. Further,
	
	even if income and initial wealth are taxed optimally, it is still
	desirable to levy a tax
	
	on commodities, though it can be evaded as well. Thus, our result
	provides a rationale
	
	for a comprehensive tax system. Optimal tax rates on commodities dier
	in general,
	
	however for the special case of a uniform evasion technology it turns
	out that equal
	
	rates are optimal if preferences are homothetic and weakly separable.},
  file = {:W\:\\www.labornrn.at\\docs\\wp\\2010\\wp1003.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112493},
  timestamp = {2010.09.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Brunner2010/1,
  author = {Johann K. Brunner and Susanne Pech},
  title = {Optimum taxation of bequests in a model with initial wealth},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1002},
  month = {January},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1002.pdf}},
  abstract = {We formulate an optimum-taxation model, where parents leave bequests
	to their
	
	descendants for altruistic reasons. In contrast to the standard model,
	individuals di¤er
	
	not only in earning abilities, but also in initial (inherited) wealth.
	In this model a
	
	redistributive motive for an inheritance tax - which is equivalent
	to a uniform tax
	
	on all expenditures - arises, given that initial wealth increases
	with earning abilities.
	
	Its introduction increases intertemporal social welfare or has an
	ambiguous e¤ect,
	
	depending on whether the bequeathing generation can adjust their behaviour
	and
	
	whether the external e¤ect related to altruism is accounted for in
	the social objective.},
  file = {:W\:\\www.labornrn.at\\docs\\wp\\2010\\wp1002.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112493},
  timestamp = {2010.09.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Brunner2008,
  author = {Johann K. Brunner and Susanne Pech},
  title = {Optimum Taxation of Inheritance},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2008},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0802},
  month = {September},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0802.pdf}},
  abstract = {Inheritances create a second distinguishing characteristic of individuals,
	in addition to earning abilities. We incorporate this fact into an
	optimum income taxation model with bequests motivated by joy of giving,
	and show that a tax on inherited wealth is equivalent to a uniform
	tax on consumption plus bequests. These taxes are desirable according
	to an intertemporal social objective if, on average, high-able individuals
	inherit more wealth than low-able. We demonstrate that such a situation
	results as the outcome of a process with stochastic transition of
	abilities over generations, if all descendants are more probable
	to have their parent’s ability rank than any other.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0802.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2008.10.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Bruegger2009,
  author = {Beatrix Brügger and Rafael Lalive and Josef Zweimüller},
  title = {Does Culture Affect Unemployment? Evidence from the Röstigraben},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0910},
  month = {July},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0910.pdf}},
  abstract = {This paper studies the role of culture in shaping unemployment outcomes.
	The empirical analysis is based on local comparisons across a language
	barrier in Switzerland. This Röstigraben separates cultural groups,
	but neither labor markets nor political jurisdictions. Local contrasts
	across the language border identify the role of culture for unemployment.
	Our findings indicate that differences in culture explain differences
	in unemployment duration on the order of 20 %. Moreover, we find
	that horizontal transmission of culture is more important than vertical
	transmission of culture and that culture is about as important as
	strong changes to the benefit duration.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0910.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.07.31}
}

@TECHREPORT{Boheim2010/1,
  author = {René Böheim and Gerard Thomas Horvath and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer},
  title = {Great Expectations: Past Wages and Unemployment Durations},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1007},
  month = {August},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1007.pdf}},
  abstract = {Decomposing wages into worker and rm wage components, we
	
	nd that rm-xed components (rm rents) are sizeable parts of workers'
	
	wages. If workers can only imperfectly observe the extent of rm
	
	rents in their wages, they might be mislead about the overall wage
	
	distribution. Such misperceptions may lead to unjustied high reservation
	
	wages, resulting in overly long unemployment durations. We
	
	examine the influence of previous wages on unemployment durations
	
	for workers after exogenous lay-os and, using Austrian administrative
	
	data, we nd that younger workers are, in fact, unemployed longer
	if
	
	they proted from high rm rents in the past. We interpret our ndings
	
	as evidence for overcondence generated by imperfectly observed
	
	productivity.},
  file = {:W\:\\www.labornrn.at\\docs\\wp\\2010\\wp1007.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112493},
  timestamp = {2010.09.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Boeheim2009/1,
  author = {René Böheim and Nicole Schneeweis and Florian Wakolbinger},
  title = {Employer provided training in Austria: Productivity, wages and wage
	inequality},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0927},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0927.pdf}},
  abstract = {We use data on Austrian firms and employees to estimate the effects
	of employer-provided training on productivity, wages, and the inequality
	of wages within firms. While the average amount spent on employer-provided
	training is low in general, we find a robust positive elasticity
	of training on productivity of about 0.04. In-house training is more
	effective than external courses, and language, administrative and
	personal skills courses are more effective than sales training and
	IT-courses. We find a significant relationship between training and
	wages, the coefficient is about 0.05. We find no significant effect
	of training on the inequality of wages within firms.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0927.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.11.03}
}

@TECHREPORT{Boeheim2009/2,
  author = {René Böheim and Martina Zweimüller},
  title = {The employment of temporary agency workers in the UK – with or against
	the trade unions?},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0921},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0921.pdf}},
  abstract = {A firm's decision to employ agency workers may be perceived as a replacement
	of directly employed workers or as way to curb union power, which
	trade unions would oppose. Alternatively, trade unions may encourage
	the (temporary) employment of agency workers in a firm, if they manage
	to bargain higher wages for their members. We estimate the relationship
	between hiring agency workers and trade union activity at the workplace,
	in particular, the type of collective bargaining agreements. We use
	British data from the Workplace Employment Relations Surveys (WERS)
	of 1998 and 2004. The empirical association between the employment
	of agency workers and union strength is weak, but positive. Furthermore,
	workplaces with collective bargaining have lower wages in the presence
	of agency workers, suggesting that agency workers are hired against
	the unions.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0921.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.10.20}
}

@TECHREPORT{Card2009,
  author = {David Card and Jochen Kluve and Andrea Weber},
  title = {Active Labor Market Policy Evaluations: A Meta-analysis},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0902},
  month = {February},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0902.pdf}},
  abstract = {This paper presents a meta-analysis of recent microeconometric evaluations
	of active labor market policies. Our sample consists of 199 program
	estimates drawn from 97 studies conducted between 1995 and 2007.
	In about one-half of these cases we have both a short-term impact
	estimate (for a one-year post-program horizon) and a medium-term
	estimate (two-year horizon). We characterize the program estimates
	according to the type and duration of the program, the characteristics
	of the participants, and the evaluation methodology. Heterogeneity
	in all three dimensions affects the likelihood that an impact estimate
	is significantly positive, significantly negative, or statistically
	insignificant. Comparing program types, subsidized public sector
	employment programs have the least favorable impact estimates. Job
	search assistance programs have relatively favorable short-run impacts,
	whereas classroom and on-the-job training programs tend to show better
	outcomes in the medium-run than the short-run. Programs for youths
	are less likely to yield positive impacts than untargeted programs,
	but there are no large or systematic differences by gender. Methodologically,
	we find that the outcome variable used to measure program effectiveness
	matters. Evaluations based on registered unemployment durations are
	more likely to show favorable short-term impacts. Controlling for
	the outcome measure, and the type of program and participants, we
	find that experimental and non-experimental studies have similar
	fractions of significant negative and significant positive impact
	estimates, suggesting that the research designs used in recent non-experimental
	evaluations are unbiased.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0902.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.02.20}
}

@TECHREPORT{Falk2009,
  author = {Armin Falk and Andreas Kuhn and Josef Zweimüller},
  title = {Unemployment and Right-wing Extremist Crime},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0916},
  month = {September},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0916.pdf}},
  abstract = {It is frequently argued that unemployment plays a crucial role for
	the occurrence of rightwing extremist crimes. We empirically test
	this hypothesis using data from Germany. We find that right-wing
	criminal activities occur more frequently when unemployment is high.
	The big difference in right-wing crime between East and West German
	states can mostly be attributed to differences in unemployment. This
	finding reinforces the importance of unemployment as an explanatory
	factor for right-wing crime and questions explanations based solely
	on the different socialization in former communist East Germany and
	the liberal West German states.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0916.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.09.18}
}

@TECHREPORT{Fellner2009,
  author = {Gerlinde Fellner and Rupert Sausgruber and Christian Traxler},
  title = {Testing Enforcement Strategies in the Field: Legal Threat, Moral
	Appeal and Social Information},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0923},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0923.pdf}},
  abstract = {We run a large-scale natural field experiment to evaluate alternative
	strategies to enforce compliance with the law. The experiment varies
	the text of mailings sent to potential evaders of TV license fees.
	We find a strong alert effect of mailings, leading to a substantial
	increase in compliance. Among different mailing conditions a legal
	threat that stresses a high detection risk has a significant and
	highly robust deterrent effect. Neither appealing to morals nor imparting
	information about others' behavior enhances compliance. However,
	the information condition has a positive effect in municipalities
	where evasion is believed to be common. Overall, the economic model
	of crime performs remarkably well in explaining our data.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0923.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.10.23}
}

@TECHREPORT{Fink2010/1,
  author = {Martina Fink and Esther Kalkbrenner and Andrea Weber and Christine
	Zulehner},
  title = {Extracting Firm Information from Administrative Records: The ASSD
	Firm Panel},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1004},
  month = {April},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1004.pdf}},
  abstract = {This paper demonstrates how firm information can be extracted from
	administrative
	
	social security records. We use the Austrian Social Security Database
	(ASSD) and derive
	
	firms from employer identifiers in the universe of private sector
	workers. To correctly pin
	
	down entry end exits we use a worker flow approach which follows clusters
	of workers as
	
	they move across administrative entities. This procedure enables us
	to define different
	
	types of entry and exit such as start-ups, spinoffs, closures, or
	take-overs. We show that
	
	our firm definition results in a demography which is comparable to
	official statistics of
	
	firm registers. The resulting database, covering the period of 1976
	to 2006, is a valuable
	
	resource for future research on industry evolution in Austria.},
  file = {:W\:\\www.labornrn.at\\docs\\wp\\2010\\wp1004.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112493},
  timestamp = {2010.09.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Frimmel2009,
  author = {Wolfgand Frimmel and Martin Halla and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer},
  title = {Assortative Mating and Divorce: Evidence from Austrian Register Data},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0918},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0918.pdf}},
  abstract = {This paper documents that changes in assortative mating patterns over
	the last four decades along the dimensions of age, ethnicity, religion
	and education are not responsible for the increasing marital instability
	in Austria. Quite the contrary, without the rise in the age at marriage,
	divorce rates would be considerably higher. Immigration and secularization,
	and the resulting supply of spouses with diverse ethnicity and religious
	denominations had no overall effect on divorce rates. Countervailing
	effects – in line with theoretical predictions – offset each other.
	The rise in the incidence in divorce is most probably caused by changing
	social norms.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0918.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.09.24}
}

@TECHREPORT{Fruehwirth-Schnatter2009,
  author = {Sylvia Frühwirth-Schnatter and Christoph Pamminger},
  title = {Bayesian Clustering of Categorical Time Series Using Finite Mixtures
	of Markov Chain Models},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0907},
  month = {July},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0907.pdf}},
  abstract = {Two approaches for model-based clustering of categorical time series
	based on time-homogeneous frst-order Markov chains are discussed.
	For Markov chain clustering the individual transition probabilities
	are fixed to a group-specific transition matrix. In a new approach
	called Dirichlet multinomial clustering the rows of the individual
	transition matrices deviate from the group mean and follow a Dirichlet
	distribution with unknown group-specific hyperparameters. Estimation
	is carried out through Markov chain Monte Carlo.Various well-known
	clustering criteria are applied to select the number of groups. An
	application to a panel of Austrian wage mobility data leads to an
	interesting segmentation of the Austrian labor market.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0907.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.07.17}
}

@TECHREPORT{Graf2009,
  author = {Nikolaus Graf and Helmut Hofer and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer},
  title = {Labour Supply Effects of a Subsidised Old-Age Part-Time Scheme in
	Austria},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0906},
  month = {June},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0906.pdf}},
  abstract = {In this paper we evaluate the impact of the old-age part-time scheme
	(OAPT) on the Austrian labour market which was a policy to allow
	flexible retirement options for the elderly with an aim to increase
	labour supply. According to our matching estimates employment probability
	increases slightly, especially in the first two years after entrance
	into the programme. Furthermore, the programme seems to reduce the
	measured unemployment risk. However, the total number of hours worked
	is significantly reduced by OAPT. While the policy is meant to reduce
	early exit from the labour force by allowing part-time work, our
	analysis indicates that most workers substitute part-time work for
	full-time work and thus the overall effect is rather negative.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0906.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.07.01}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gaechter2010/1,
  author = {Martin Gächter and Peter Schwazer and Engelbert Theurl},
  title = {Stronger sex but earlier death: A multi-level socioeconomic analysis
	of gender differences in mortality in Austria},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1006},
  month = {July},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1006.pdf}},
  abstract = {Gender inequalities in mortality/life expectancy have been a major
	area of research
	
	in the social sciences since the 1970s. However, the questions posed
	and the research
	
	strategies used are still in a state of flux. In the present paper
	we shed some light on
	
	two related questions: (i) Which socioeconomic variables determine
	the gender gap in
	
	mortality? (ii) Are male and female mortality rates determined by
	different socioeconomic
	
	factors and in different shapes? We use aggregated data from Austria
	both at
	
	the community and district level covering the time period 1969 - 2004.
	Our two-level
	
	empirical design combined with a panel structure at the districts
	level reveals additional
	
	evidence on these questions compared to previous studies at the regional
	level.
	
	By using weighted regression analysis (panel fixed effects, pooled
	and cross section)
	
	we find that the gender gap is negatively associated with higher average
	net income, a
	
	higher educational level, a higher share of immigrants and better
	familial integration.
	
	In general, males are more sensitive with respect to social and economic
	conditions
	
	compared to females, leading to a narrowing gap in mortality when
	living conditions
	
	improve. These results are also confirmed by our Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition.},
  file = {:W\:\\www.labornrn.at\\docs\\wp\\2010\\wp1006.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112493},
  timestamp = {2010.09.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gaechter2010/2,
  author = {Martin Gächter and Engelbert Theurl},
  title = {Convergence of the Health Status at the Local Level: Empirical Evidence
	from Austria},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1009},
  month = {September},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1009.pdf}},
  abstract = {In comparisons of the welfare of individuals and socioeconomic aggregates
	of individuals
	
	(regions, states,...) the health status is an important dimension.
	In the
	
	following paper we focus on the question whether the health status
	between geographical
	
	subunits (local communities) converged/diverged in the time period
	1969
	
	- 2004 in Austria. We use age standardized mortality rates as indicators
	for the
	
	health status and analyse the convergence/divergence of overall mortality
	for (i) the
	
	whole population, for (ii) females, for (iii) males and for (iv) the
	gender gap in overall
	
	mortality. Convergence/Divergence is studied by applying different
	concepts of
	
	cross-regional inequality (weighted standard deviation, coefficient
	of variation, Theil-
	
	Coefficient of inequality). Various econometric techniques (weighted
	OLS, Quantile
	
	Regression, Kendall’s Rank Concordance) are used to test for absolute
	and conditional
	
	beta-convergence in mortality. We find mixed results for the inequality
	measures applied.
	
	Absolute and conditional beta-convergence are confirmed both in weighted
	OLS
	
	as well as in quantile regression estimations, but we also find strong
	evidence for the
	
	existence of convergence clubs in mortality.},
  file = {:W\:\\www.labornrn.at\\docs\\wp\\2010\\wp1009.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112493},
  timestamp = {2010.09.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Gaechter2010/3,
  author = {Martin Gächter and Engelbert Theurl},
  title = {Socioeconomic Environment and Mortality: A two-level Decomposition
	by Sex and Cause of Death},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1010},
  month = {September},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1010.pdf}},
  abstract = {Gender inequalities in longevity/mortality are a major area of research
	since the
	
	1970s. Despite substantial insights, the questions posed and the research
	strategies
	
	used are still in a state of flux. In the present paper we shed some
	light on the question,
	
	to which extent socioeconomic variables determine the gender gap in
	mortality for
	
	important causes of death. Thereby we specifically focus on behavior-related
	causes
	
	of death. We follow an ecological approach based on aggregated mortality
	data from
	
	Austria both at the community and the district level covering the
	time period 1969
	
	- 2004. By using weighted regression analysis (panel fixed effects,
	pooled and cross
	
	section) we find that higher income levels reduce male mortality in
	most causes of
	
	death (including malignant neoplasms and diseases of the circulatory
	system), while
	
	this indicator appear to be insignificant for female mortality in
	these causes. This
	
	indicates that the decreasing effect of the higher socioeconomic status
	on mortality
	
	might be canceled out by a ”gender role equalization“ effect for women
	due to the
	
	adoption of unhealthy life styles (e.g. smoking). This finding is
	also confirmed by
	
	the fact that female mortality does not decrease with increasing income
	levels for
	
	smoking-related diseases, ischaemic heart disease and lung cancer.
	Thus, our results
	
	suggest that the decreasing female mortality advantage is mainly caused
	by increased
	
	smoking among women, while in the case of alcohol, violence and accidents
	the gender
	
	equalization seems to work in the opposite direction. In a nutshell,
	we conclude that
	
	the examination of the gender-specific mortality rates and mortality
	gaps without a
	
	disaggregation between different causes of death might},
  file = {:W\:\\www.labornrn.at\\docs\\wp\\2010\\wp1010.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112493},
  timestamp = {2010.09.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Hackl2009,
  author = {Franz Hackl and Martin Halla and Gerald J. Pruckner},
  title = {Volunteering and the State},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0901},
  month = {February},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0901.pdf}},
  abstract = {This paper explores the capability of the state to affect the individual’s
	decision to work for free. For this purpose we combine individual-level
	data from the European and World Values Survey with macroeconomic
	and political variables for OECD member countries. Empirically we
	identify three channels for crowding out of voluntary labor. Firstly,
	an increase in public social expenditure decreases the probability
	that the individual will volunteer (fiscal crowding out). Secondly,
	a political consensus between individuals and the government also
	induces volunteers to reduce their unsalaried activities (consensual
	crowding out). And finally, the more a government supports democratization,
	the lower is the individual’s engagement (participatory crowding
	out). Religiosity and a more unequal income distribution in a country
	increase individuals’ willingness to volunteer.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0901.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.02.19}
}

@TECHREPORT{Halla2010/1,
  author = {Martin Halla},
  title = {Tax Morale and Compliance Behavior: First Evidence on a Causal Link},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1005},
  month = {April},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1005.pdf}},
  abstract = {Recent literature on tax evasion emphasizes the importance of moral
	considerations
	
	to explain compliance behavior. As a consequence scholars aim to identify
	factors that
	
	shape this so-called tax morale. However, the causal link between
	tax morale and ac-
	
	tual compliance behavior is not established yet. Exploiting exogenous
	variation in
	
	tax morale  given by the inherited part of tax morale of American-born
	from their
	
	ancestors country of origin  our instrumental variable analysis providesrst
	evidence
	
	on a causal eect of tax morale on the size of the underground production.},
  file = {:W\:\\www.labornrn.at\\docs\\wp\\2010\\wp1005.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112493},
  timestamp = {2010.09.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Halla2009/1,
  author = {Martin Halla},
  title = {The Effect of Joint Custody on Marriage and Divorce},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0909},
  month = {July},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0909.pdf}},
  abstract = {Since the 1970s almost all states have introduced a form of joint
	custody after divorce. We analyze the causal effect of these custody
	law reforms on the incidence of marriage and divorce. Our identification
	strategy exploits the different timing of reforms across states and
	the control group of divorcing couples without minors. Estimations
	based on state panel data suggest that the introduction of joint
	custody led to a long-run increase in marriage rates. There is no
	convincing evidence for an impact of joint custody on divorce rates.
	In sum, joint custody has increased the stock of married people and
	dampened the persistent downturn in marriage. Our empirical evidence
	is fully consistent with the supposition that these additional marriages
	are the result of an increased incentive of men to marry.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0909.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.07.23}
}

@TECHREPORT{Halla2009/2,
  author = {Martin Halla and Mario Lackner and Friedrich G. Schneider},
  title = {An Empirical Analysis of the Dynamics of the Welfare State: The Case
	of Benefit Morale},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0904},
  month = {April},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0904.pdf}},
  abstract = {Does the supply of a welfare state create its own demand? Many economic
	scholars studying welfare arrangements refer to Say’s law and insinuate
	a self-destructive welfare state. However, little is known about
	the empirical validity of these assumptions and hypotheses. We study
	the dynamic effect of different welfare arrangements on benefit fraud.
	In particular, we analyze the impact of the welfare state on the
	respective social norm, i. e. benefit morale. It turns out that a
	high level of public social expenditures and a high unemployment
	rate are associated with a small positive (or no) immediate impact
	on benefit morale, which however is crowded out by adverse medium
	and long run effects.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0904.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.04.30}
}

@TECHREPORT{Halla2008/13,
  author = {Martin Halla and Johann Scharler},
  title = {Marriage, Divorce and Interstate Risk Sharing},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2008},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0803},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0803.pdf}},
  abstract = {In this paper we study the importance of marriage for interstate risk
	sharing. We find that US states in which married couples account
	for a higher share of the population are less exposed to state-specific
	output shocks. Thus, marriages do not just improve the allocation
	of risk at the individual level, but also have implications for the
	allocation of risk at the more aggregated state-level. Quantitatively,
	the impact of marriage on interstate risk sharing varies over divorce
	regimes.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0803.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2008.10.20}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kuhn2009/1,
  author = {Andreas Kuhn},
  title = {In the Eye of the Beholder: Subjective Inequality Measures and the
	Demand for Redistribution},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0914},
  month = {August},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0914.pdf}},
  abstract = {This paper presents a simple conceptual framework intended for describing
	individuals' subjective evaluations of occupational wage inequality
	and their demand for redistribution. Most importantly, the framework
	explicitly allows for the distinction between individuals' perceptions
	and their normative beliefs. I illustrate the framework using Swiss
	survey data from the International Social Survey Program. While most
	individuals accept quite large wage differentials across occupations,
	they also prefer a lower level of overall wage inequality than what
	they perceive to exist. Consistent with previous evidence, the empirical
	analysis also shows that financial self-interest, social norms about
	distributive justice and perceptions of how wages are determined
	in reality all simultaneously infl uence the demand for redistribution.
	Finally, I show that subjective inequality measures and the demand
	for redistribution are substantially significant predictors of both
	individuals' support for government intervention and their party
	identification. This result provides indirect evidence on the presumed
	link between perceptions and beliefs on the one hand and political
	outcomes on the other hand.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0914.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.08.13}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kuhn2009/2,
  author = {Andreas Kuhn},
  title = {Demand for Redistribution, Support for the Welfare State, and Party
	Identification in Austria},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0917},
  month = {September},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0917.pdf}},
  abstract = {This paper describes subjective wage inequality and the demand for
	redistribution in Austria using individuals' estimates of occupational
	wages from the International Social Survey Program. Although these
	estimates differ widely across individuals, the data clearly show
	that most individuals would like to decrease wage inequality, relative
	to the level of inequality which they perceive to exist. The empirical
	analysis also shows that the demand for redistribution is strongly
	associated not only with variables describing self-interested motives
	for redistribution, but also with perceptions of and social norms
	with respect to inequality. Further, the demand for redistribution
	is a strong predictor for whether an individual is supportive of
	redistribution by the state. On the other hand, however, I find almost
	no evidence for an empirical association between the demand for redistribution
	and individuals' party identification.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0917.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.09.21}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kuhn2009/3,
  author = {Andreas Kuhn and Rafael Lalive and Josef Zweimüller},
  title = {The Public Health Costs of Job Loss},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0913},
  month = {August},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0913.pdf}},
  abstract = {We study the short-run effect of involuntary job loss on comprehensive
	measures of public health costs. We focus on job loss induced by
	plant closure, thereby addressing the reverse causality problem of
	deteriorating health leading to job loss as job displacements due
	to plant closure are unlikely caused by workers' health status, but
	potentially have important effects on individual workers' health
	and associated public health costs. Our empirical analysis is based
	on a rich data set from Austria providing comprehensive information
	on various types of health care costs and day-by-day work history
	at the individual level. Our central findings are: (i) overall expenditures
	on medical treatments (hospitalizations, drug prescriptions, doctor
	visits) are not strongly affected by job displacement; (ii) job loss
	increases expenditures for antidepressants and related drugs, as
	well as for hospitalizations due to mental health problems for men
	(but not for women); and (iii) sickness benefits strongly increase
	due to job loss.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0913.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.08.11}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kuhn2009/4,
  author = {Andreas Kuhn and Oliver Ruf},
  title = {The Value of a Statistical Injury: New Evidence from the Swiss Labor
	Market},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0915},
  month = {September},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0915.pdf}},
  abstract = {We study the monetary compensation for non-fatal accident risk in
	Switzerland using the number of accidents within cells defined over
	industry x skill-level of the job and capitalizing on the partial
	panel structure of our data which allows us to empirically isolate
	the wage component specific to the employer. Our results show that
	using accident risk at a lower level of aggregation, using narrower
	samples of workers, and using the wage component that is specific
	to the firm all yield higher estimates of risk compensation. Our
	preferred estimate gives an estimate of about 36,000 Swiss francs
	per prevented injury per year.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0915.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.09.14}
}

@TECHREPORT{Kuhn2010/1,
  author = {Andreas Kuhn and Jean Philipe Wuellrich and Josef Zweimüller},
  title = {Fatal Attraction? Access to Early Retirement and Mortality},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1008},
  month = {August},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1008.pdf}},
  abstract = {We estimate the causal eect of early retirement on mortality for
	blue-collar workers. To
	
	overcome the problem of endogenous selection, we exploit an exogenous
	change in unemployment
	
	insurance rules in Austria that allowed workers in eligible regions
	to withdraw
	
	from the workforce up to 3.5 years earlier than those in non-eligible
	regions. For males,
	
	instrumental-variable estimates show a signicant 2.4 percentage points
	(about 13%) increase
	
	in the probability of dying before age 67. We do not nd any adverse
	eect of early
	
	retirement on mortality for females. Death causes indicate a signicantly
	higher incidence
	
	of cardiovascular disorders among eligible workers, suggesting that
	changes in health-related
	
	behavior explain increased mortality among male early retirees.},
  file = {:W\:\\www.labornrn.at\\docs\\wp\\2010\\wp1008.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112493},
  timestamp = {2010.09.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Lalive2009,
  author = {Rafael Lalive and Jean-Phillipe Wuellrich and Josef Zweimüller},
  title = {Do Financial Incentives for Firms Promote Employment of Disabled
	Workers? A Regression Discontinuity Approach},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0911},
  month = {July},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0911.pdf}},
  abstract = {We study the impact of employment quota on firms' demand for disabled
	workers. The Austrian Disabled Persons Employment Act (DPEA) requires
	firms to provide at least one job to a disabled worker per 25 non-disabled
	workers, a rule which is strictly enforced by non-compliance taxation.
	We find that, as a result of the discontinuous nature of the non-compliance
	tax, firms exactly at the quota threshold employ 0.05 (20 % in relative
	terms) more disabled workers than firms just below the threshold
	- an effect that is unlikely driven by purposeful selection below
	the threshold. The flat rate nature of the non-compliance tax generates
	strong employment effects for low-wage firms and weak effects for
	high-wage firms. We also find that growing firms passing the quota
	threshold react with a substantial time-lag but the magnitude of
	the long-run effect is similar to the one found in cross-section
	contrasts.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0911.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.08.07}
}

@TECHREPORT{Leiter2009,
  author = {Andrea M. Leiter and Engelbert Theurl},
  title = {The Convergence of Health Care Financing Structures: Empirical Evidence
	from OECD-Countries},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0912},
  month = {August},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0912.pdf}},
  abstract = {In this paper we concentrate on the question whether the financing
	structure of the health care systems converges. In a world of increasing
	economic integration convergence in health care financing (HCF) and,
	hence, decreasing differences in HCF across countries enhance individuals’
	(labour) mobility and support harmonization processes. As an indicator
	for convergence we take the public financing ratio in % of total
	
	HCF and in % of GDP. The major finding is that HCF in the OECD countries
	converged in the time period 1970 – 2005. This conlusion also holds
	when looking at smaller sub groups of countries and shorter time
	periods. However, we find evidence that countries do not move towards
	a common mean and that the rate of convergence is decreasing over
	time.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0912.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.08.10}
}

@TECHREPORT{Mayr2009,
  author = {Karin Mayr and Giovanni Peri},
  title = {Brain Drain and Brain Return: Theory and Application to Eastern-Western
	Europe},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0919},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0919.pdf}},
  abstract = {Recent empirical evidence seems to show that temporary migration is
	a widespread phenomenon, especially among highly skilled workers
	who return to their countries of origin when these begin to grow.
	This paper develops a simple, tractable overlapping generations model
	that provides a rationale for return migration and predicts who will
	migrate and who returns among agents with heterogeneous abilities.
	The model also incorporates the interaction between the migration
	decision and schooling: the possibility of migrating, albeit temporarily,
	to a country with high returns to skills produces positive schooling
	incentive effects. We use parameter values from the literature and
	data on return migration to simulate the model for the Eastern-Western
	European case. We then quantify the effects that increased openness
	(to migrants) would have on human capital and wages in Eastern Europe.
	We find that, for plausible values of the parameters, the possibility
	of return migration combined with the education incentive channel
	reverses the brain drain into a significant brain gain for Eastern
	Europe.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0919.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.10.05}
}

@TECHREPORT{Pruckner2009,
  author = {Gerald J. Pruckner and Rupert Sausgruber},
  title = {Honesty on the Streets: A Natural Field Experiment on Newspaper Purchasing},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0924},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0924.pdf}},
  abstract = {A publisher uses an honor system for selling a newspaper in the street.
	The customers are supposed to pay, but they can also pay less than
	the price or not pay at all. We conduct an experiment to study honesty
	in this market. The results show that appealing to honesty increases
	payments, whereas reminding the customers of the legal norm has no
	effect. Furthermore, appealing to honesty does not affect the behavior
	of the dishonest. These findings suggest that some people have internalized
	an honesty norm, whereas others have not, and that the willingness
	to pay to obey the norm differs among individuals. In a follow-up
	survey study we find that honesty is associated with family characteristics,
	self-esteem, social connectedness, trust in the legal system, and
	compliance with tax regulations.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0924.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.10.27}
}

@TECHREPORT{Sausgruber2009,
  author = {Rupert Sausgruber and Jean-Robert Tyran},
  title = {Tax Salience, Voting, and Deliberation},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0925},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0925.pdf}},
  abstract = {Tax incentives can be more or less salient, i.e. noticeable or cognitively
	easy to process. Our hypothesis is that taxes on consumers are more
	salient to consumers than equivalent taxes on sellers because consumers
	underestimate the extent of tax shifting in the market. We show that
	tax salience biases consumers’ voting on tax regimes, and that experience
	is an effective de-biasing mechanism in the experimental laboratory.
	Pre-vote deliberation makes initially held opinions more extreme
	rather than correct and does not eliminate the bias in the typical
	committee. Yet, if voters can discuss their experience with the tax
	regimes they are less likely to be biased.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0925.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.10.28}
}

@TECHREPORT{Schnalzenberger2008,
  author = {Mario Schnalzenberger and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer},
  title = {Layoff Tax and the Employment of the Elderly},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2008},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0804},
  month = {November},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0804.pdf}},
  abstract = {In 1996 Austria introduced a tax for the layoff of older workers,
	which was tightened in 2000. The regulation requires employers to
	pay a tax of up to 170 percent of the gross monthly income when they
	give notice to employees aged 50 or more. We use data from Austrian
	social security records to investigate if such layoff taxes lead
	to less firing of older workers. We compare a control group of workers
	aged nearly 50 with the treatment group above 50. We apply a difference-in-difference
	approach to analyze the difference in the displacement probability
	of all prime aged workers. Results show substantial reductions in
	layoff behavior for workers aged 50 and above after the tightening
	of the tax.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0804.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2008.11.21}
}

@TECHREPORT{Schneeweis2009/1,
  author = {Nicole Schneeweis and Martina Zweimüller},
  title = {Early tracking and the misfortune of being young},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0920},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0920.pdf}},
  abstract = {In the Austrian (as well as the German) education system students
	have to choose between different school tracks at the age of 10.
	We argue that early tracking creates inefficiencies because the earlier
	the track choice has to be made, the more it is infl uenced by factors
	other than innate ability. Recent evidence suggests that the relative
	age of a student within a grade is related to his or her achievement,
	and that this effect is decreasing over grades. Thus, age-related
	achievement differences probably translate into age-related differences
	in track choice if track choice has to be made early. In this paper
	we estimate the effect of observed age on the track choice after
	grade 4 using register data for a major Austrian city for the period
	1984-2006. Since observed age at track choice is endogenous, we exploit
	the exogenous variation in birth month to identify the causal effect
	of age. We find a strong and significant positive effect of age on
	track choice in grades 5-8. Since after grade 8, students again have
	to make a track choice, we use additional data from PISA 2003 and
	2006 to show that the effect is long-lasting in urban areas. Therefore,
	the education system fails to provide a mechanism that leads to an
	effcient allocation of students to tracks.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0920.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.10.19}
}

@TECHREPORT{Schneeweis2009/2,
  author = {Nicole Schneeweis and Martina Zweimüller},
  title = {Girls, girls, girls: gender composition and female school choice},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0905},
  month = {June},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0905.pdf}},
  abstract = {Gender segregation in the labor market may be explained by women's
	reluctance to choose technical occupations, although the foundations
	for career choices are certainly laid earlier, during education.
	Educational experts claim that female students are doing better in
	math and science and are more likely to choose those subjects if
	they are in single-sex classes. Possible explanations are the lack
	of self-condence of girls in male-dominated subjects, the dominating
	behavior of boys in the classroom and unequal treatment by teachers.
	In this paper, we identify the causal impact of gender composition
	in coeducational classes on the choice of school type for female
	students. We propose that girls are less likely to choose a female-dominated
	school type at the age of 14 after spending the previous years in
	classes with a higher share of female students. We address the problem
	of endogenous school choice by using natural variation in gender
	composition of adjacent cohorts within schools. The results are clear-cut
	and survive powerful falsication and sensitivity checks:
	
	Females are less likely to choose a female-dominated school type and
	more likely to choose the technical school type if they were exposed
	to a higher share of girls in previous grades. Our paper contributes
	to the recent debate about coeducation either in certain subjects
	or at the school level.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0905.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.06.30}
}

@TECHREPORT{Schober2009,
  author = {Thomas Schober and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer},
  title = {Gender Wage Inequality and Economic Growth: Is there Really a Puzzle?},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0908},
  month = {July},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0908.pdf}},
  abstract = {Seguino (2000) shows that gender wage discrimination in export-oriented
	semi-industrialized countries might be fostering investment and growth
	in general. While the original analysis does not have internationally
	comparable wage discrimination data, we replicate the analysis using
	data from a meta-study on gender wage discrimination and do not find
	any evidence that more discrimination might further economic growth
	– on the contrary: if anything the impact of gender inequality is
	negative for growth. Standing up for more gender equality – also
	in terms of wages – is good for equity considerations and at least
	not negative for growth.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0908.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.07.22}
}

@TECHREPORT{Schwerdt2008,
  author = {Guido Schwerdt and Andrea Ichino and Oliver Ruf and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer
	and Josef Zweimüller},
  title = {Does the color of the collar matter? Firm specific human capital
	and post-displacement outcomes},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2008},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0801},
  month = {September},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0801.pdf}},
  __markedentry = {[AK112645]},
  abstract = {We investigate whether the costs of job displacement differ between
	blue and white collar workers. In the short run earnings and employment
	losses are substantial for both groups but stronger for white collars.
	In the long run, there are only weak effects for blue collar workers
	but strong and persistent effects for white collars. This is consistent
	with the idea that firm-specific human capital and internal labor
	markets are more important in white than in blue collar jobs.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0801.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK111938},
  timestamp = {2008.09.15}
}

@TECHREPORT{Schwieren2008,
  author = {Christiane Schwieren and Doris Weichselbaumer},
  title = {Does competition enhance performance or cheating? A laboratory experiment},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2008},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0805},
  month = {December},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0805.pdf}},
  abstract = {In this paper we experimentally test whether competing for a desired
	reward does not only affect individuals’ performance, but also their
	tendency to cheat. Recent doping scandals in sports as well as forgery
	and plagiarism scandals in academia have been partially explained
	by „competitive pressures“, which suggests a link between competition
	and cheating.
	
	In our experiment subjects conduct a task where they have the possibility
	to make use of illegitimate tools to better their results. We find
	that women react much stronger to competitive pressure by increasing
	their cheating activity while there is no overall sex difference
	in cheating. However, the effect of competition on women’s cheating
	behavior is entirely due to the fact that women, on average, are
	doing worse with respect to the assigned task. Indeed we find that
	it is the ability of an individual to conduct a particular task and
	not sex that crucially affects the reaction to competition. Poor
	performers significantly increase their cheating behavior under competition
	which may be a face-saving strategy or an attempt to retain a chance
	of winning.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0805.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.01.15}
}

@TECHREPORT{Staubli2009,
  author = {Stefan Staubli},
  title = {Tightening the Purse Strings: The Effect of Stricter DI Eligibility
	Criteria on Labor Supply},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0930},
  month = {November},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0930.pdf}},
  abstract = {This paper explores the labor supply effects of a large-scale policy
	change in the Austrian disability insurance program, which tightened
	eligibility criteria for men above a certain age. Using administrative
	data on the universe of Austrian private-sector employees, the results
	of difference-in-difference type regressions suggest a substantial
	and statistically significant decline in disability enrollment of
	5-5.7 percentage points and a modest increase in employment of 1.4
	to 2.7 percentage points. On the other hand, the policy change had
	important spillover effects into the unemployment and sickness insurance
	program. Specifically, the share of individuals receiving unemployment
	benefits increased roughly by 3 percentage points and the share receiving
	sickness insurance benefits by 0.6 percentage points.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0930.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.12.10}
}

@TECHREPORT{Theurl2010,
  author = {Engelbert Theurl and Hannes Winner},
  title = {The-Female Gap in Physician Earnings: Evidence from a Public Health
	Insurance System},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2010},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {1001},
  month = {January},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp1001.pdf}},
  abstract = {Empirical evidence from U.S. studies suggests that, on average, female
	physicians earn less than their male counterparts. This gap in earnings
	does not disappear when individual and market characteristics are
	controlled for. This paper investigates whether a gender earnings
	difference can also be observed in a health care system predominantly
	financed by public insurance companies. Using a unique data set of
	physicians' earnings recorded by a public social security agency
	in an Austrian province between 2000 and 2004, we find a gender gap
	in average earnings of about 32 percent. A substantial share of this
	gap (20 to 47 percent) cannot be explained by individual and market
	characteristics, leaving labor market discrimination as one possible
	explanation for the observed gender earnings difference of physicians.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/2010/wp1001.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2010.01.26}
}

@TECHREPORT{Weber2009/1,
  author = {Andrea Weber and Christine Zulehner},
  title = {Competition and Gender Prejudice: Are Discriminatory Employers Doomed
	to Fail?},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0926},
  month = {October},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0926.pdf}},
  abstract = {According to Becker's (1957) famous theory on discrimination, entrepreneurs
	with a strong prejudice against female workers forgo profits by submitting
	to their tastes. In a competitive market their firms lack efficiency
	and are therefore forced to leave. We present new empirical evidence
	for this prediction by studying the survival of startup firms in
	a large longitudinal matched employer-employee data set from Austria.
	Our results show that firms with strong preferences for discrimination,
	i.e. a low share of female employees relatively to the industry average,
	have significantly shorter survival rates. This is especially relevant
	for firms starting out with female shares in the lower tail of the
	distribution. They exit about 18 months earlier than firms with a
	median share of females. We see no differences in survival between
	firms at the top of the female share distribution and at the median,
	though. We further document that highly discriminatory firms that
	manage to survive submit to market powers and increase their female
	workforce over time.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0926.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.10.30}
}

@TECHREPORT{Weber2009/2,
  author = {Andrea Weber and Christine Zulehner},
  title = {Female Hires and the Success of Start-up Firms},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0928},
  month = {November},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0928.pdf}},
  abstract = {In this paper we investigate the relationship between females among
	the first hires of start-up companies and business success. Our results
	show that firms with female first hires have a higher share of female
	workers at the end of the first year after entry. Further, we find
	that firms with female first hires are more successful and stay longer
	in the market. We conclude that our results support the hypothesis
	that gender-diversity in leading positions is an advantage for start-up
	firms.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0928.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.11.20}
}

@TECHREPORT{Zweimueller2009,
  author = {Josef Zweimüller and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer and Rafael Lalive and Andreas
	Kuhn and Jean-Philipe Wuellrich and Oliver Ruf and Simon Büchi},
  title = {Austrian Social Security Database},
  institution = {NRN: The Austrian Center for Labor Economics and the Analysis of
	the Welfare State},
  year = {2009},
  type = {Working Paper},
  number = {0903},
  month = {April},
  note = {url={http://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0903.pdf}},
  abstract = {The Austrian Social Security Database (ASSD) is a matched firm-worker
	data set, which records the labor market history of almost 11 million
	individuals from January 1972 to April 2007. Moreover, more than
	2.2 million firms can be identified. The individual labor market
	histories are described in the following dimensions: very detailed
	daily labor market states and yearly earnings at the firm-worker
	level, together with a limited set of demographic characteristics.
	Additionally the ASSD provides some firm related information, such
	as geographical location and industry affiliation. This paper is
	a short description of this huge data base and intended for people
	using this data in their own empirical work.},
  file = {:http\://www.labornrn.at/wp/wp0903.pdf:PDF},
  owner = {AK112645},
  timestamp = {2009.04.27}
}

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